The English language is filled with grammatical quirks that often confuse even native speakers. One such peculiarity that continues to spark debate among writers, editors, and language enthusiasts is the Split Infinitives in English. While many of us were taught never to separate “to” from its verb, modern language experts have largely abandoned this strict prohibition. This comprehensive guide will explore what Split Infinitives in English are, their historical context, when they’re acceptable or even preferable, and how to use them effectively in your writing.
What Are Split Infinitives in English?
An infinitive is the base form of a verb, typically preceded by the word “to” in English. For example, “to walk,” “to speak,” and “to understand” are all infinitives. A split infinitive occurs when another word (usually an adverb) is placed between “to” and the verb.
Examples of Split Infinitives in English:
- To boldly go where no one has gone before.
- She decided to carefully review the document.
- He wanted to better understand the concept.
In each example above, an adverb (boldly, carefully, better) separates “to” from the verb, creating a split infinitive.
The Historical Controversy
The prohibition against Split Infinitives in English has an interesting history. Unlike many grammatical rules that evolved naturally from language use, the rule against splitting infinitives was artificially imposed in the 19th century. This rule was largely based on the structure of Latin, where infinitives are single words that cannot be split.
Early English grammarians, many of whom were classically educated and revered Latin as the perfect language, attempted to force English to conform to Latin’s grammatical structure. Since infinitives in Latin cannot be split (because they’re single words), these grammarians declared that English infinitives shouldn’t be split either, despite the structural differences between the two languages.
This rule gained traction in the Victorian era and was taught as gospel in schools for generations, creating a lasting impression that split infinitives are grammatically incorrect. However, Split Infinitives in English have appeared in English literature throughout its history, including in the works of respected authors like Chaucer, Shakespeare, and many modern writers.
The Modern Perspective on Split Infinitives in English
Today, most linguists, grammarians, and style guides acknowledge that the prohibition against Split Infinitives in English has no solid grammatical foundation. The Chicago Manual of Style, the Associated Press Stylebook, and even the once-conservative Oxford English Dictionary now accept split infinitives as grammatically correct.
When Split Infinitives in English Are Preferred
There are actually several situations where splitting an infinitive is not only acceptable but preferable:
| Situation | Example with Split Infinitive | Example without Split Infinitive | Why the Split Version Is Better |
|---|---|---|---|
| Preserving meaning | I need to completely understand the concept. | I need completely to understand the concept. | The split version clearly indicates that “completely” modifies “understand” rather than “need.” |
| Maintaining emphasis | She wanted to thoroughly clean the apartment. | She wanted thoroughly to clean the apartment. | The split version places emphasis on the thoroughness of the cleaning. |
| Natural flow | They decided to gradually introduce the changes. | They decided gradually to introduce the changes. | The split version sounds more natural to most English speakers. |
| Multiple-word modifiers | He promised to more than double the investment. | He promised more than to double the investment. | The unsplit version distorts the meaning entirely. |
Common Split Infinitive Patterns
Split Infinitives in English appear in various patterns in English. Understanding these patterns can help you recognize when a split infinitive might be the most effective choice.
Single Adverb Splits
The most common type of Split Infinitives in English involves a single adverb between “to” and the verb:
- To quickly respond
- To easily understand
- To fully appreciate
Multiple Word Splits
Sometimes, multiple words or phrases can split an infinitive:
- To not only understand but also appreciate
- To more than double
- To almost completely eliminate
When to Avoid Split Infinitives in English
While split infinitives are generally acceptable in modern English, there are situations where avoiding them might be preferable:
Formal Academic Writing
In highly formal or academic contexts, some traditionalists still frown upon split infinitives. If you’re writing for a particularly conservative audience or publication, you might want to avoid them unless absolutely necessary for clarity.
Awkward or Unnecessary Splits
Not all split infinitives are created equal. Sometimes, placing the adverb elsewhere in the sentence creates a more natural flow:
| Less Natural Split | More Natural Alternative |
|---|---|
| We need to quickly run to the store. | We need to run to the store quickly. |
| She wants to secretly meet him. | She wants to meet him secretly. |
| They plan to slowly walk through the garden. | They plan to walk slowly through the garden. |
When Clarity Isn’t Compromised
If rearranging the sentence to avoid a split infinitive doesn’t change the meaning or reduce clarity, it might be preferable to avoid the split:
| Split Infinitive | Unsplit Alternative | Comment |
|---|---|---|
| I want to clearly explain the process. | I want to explain the process clearly. | Both versions have the same meaning and emphasis. |
| They decided to immediately leave. | They decided to leave immediately. | The meaning remains clear in both versions. |
| She needs to carefully consider the options. | She needs to consider the options carefully. | Both versions convey the same meaning. |
Split Infinitives in Different Writing Contexts
The acceptability of Split Infinitives in English varies across different writing contexts and purposes. Understanding these nuances can help you make appropriate choices in your writing.
Creative Writing
In creative writing, split infinitives are widely accepted and often used for rhythm, emphasis, or stylistic effect. Many memorable literary quotes feature split infinitives:
- “To boldly go where no man has gone before.” — Star Trek
- “To suddenly fall from the sky” — Emily Dickinson
- “To finally understand the mystery” — Agatha Christie
Business and Professional Writing
In business writing, clarity and precision are paramount. Use split infinitives when they enhance clarity, but consider your audience’s preferences and company style guides.
Journalistic Writing
Most modern style guides for journalists (like AP and Reuters) accept split infinitives, especially when they improve clarity or create a more natural flow.
Academic Writing
Academic writing tends to be more conservative, but even here, most modern style guides permit split infinitives when they’re the clearest way to express an idea.
Common Misconceptions About Split Infinitives in English
Several misconceptions about split infinitives persist in popular understanding. Let’s clarify some of these myths:
Myth: Split infinitives are grammatically incorrect. Reality: There is no grammatical rule in English that prohibits splitting infinitives. The prohibition was artificially imposed based on Latin grammar.
Myth: Professional writers never use split infinitives. Reality: Many renowned authors, journalists, and professional writers regularly use split infinitives when they enhance clarity or style.
Myth: Split infinitives always make writing less formal. Reality: A well-placed split infinitive can enhance formal writing by improving precision and clarity.
Myth: You should never split infinitives in academic writing. Reality: Most academic style guides now accept split infinitives, particularly when they improve clarity.
Practical Guidelines for Using Split Infinitives Effectively
Learning when and how to use Split Infinitives in English appropriately can elevate your writing. Here are practical guidelines to help you make informed choices:
1. Prioritize Clarity and Natural Flow
The primary consideration should always be clarity. If splitting an infinitive makes your meaning clearer or your sentence flow more naturally, it’s generally the better choice.
| Unclear Unsplit Version | Clear Split Version |
|---|---|
| She expected almost to double her income. | She expected to almost double her income. |
| I want really to understand this concept. | I want to really understand this concept. |
| We need completely to avoid such mistakes. | We need to completely avoid such mistakes. |
2. Consider Your Audience and Context
Different audiences have different expectations regarding language use:
General Readers: Most everyday readers won’t notice or care about split infinitives. Focus on writing clearly and naturally.
Traditional Editors: Some traditionally minded editors may still prefer avoiding split infinitives. If you’re submitting work to such publications, consider their preferences.
Academic Audiences: While academic writing is becoming more accepting of split infinitives, some disciplines remain more conservative than others.
3. Test Alternative Constructions
Before settling on a split infinitive, try alternative constructions to see which sounds most natural and clearly conveys your meaning:
| Split Infinitive | Alternative 1 | Alternative 2 | Best Choice |
|---|---|---|---|
| To seriously consider the proposal | To consider the proposal seriously | Seriously to consider the proposal | Depends on desired emphasis |
| To easily understand the concept | To understand the concept easily | Easily to understand the concept | First or second, depending on flow |
| To fully appreciate the situation | To appreciate the situation fully | Fully to appreciate the situation | First or second, both sound natural |
4. Be Consistent in Formal Documents
In formal documents, consistency matters. If you choose to avoid split infinitives, do so throughout. If you decide they’re acceptable, use them consistently when appropriate.
Examples from Different Text Types
Split Infinitives in English appear differently across various types of writing. Here are examples from different genres:
Literary Examples
“She used to secretly admire him from afar, never daring to actually speak to him until that fateful spring afternoon.”
“The detective vowed to thoroughly investigate every lead, determined to finally solve the case that had haunted the town for decades.”
Academic Examples
“This paper aims to critically analyze the economic impact of climate change policies on developing nations.”
“The researchers designed the experiment to specifically target the neural mechanisms involved in decision-making processes.”
Business Examples
“Our team strives to consistently deliver high-quality results that exceed client expectations.”
“The new policy allows employees to flexibly arrange their work schedules to better accommodate their personal needs.”
Journalistic Examples
“The senator decided to publicly address the controversy after weeks of speculation.”
“Economists expect the market to gradually recover from the recent downturn by the end of the fiscal year.”
Split Infinitives in Historical Context
The use of Split Infinitives in English has evolved throughout the history of English:
| Time Period | Attitude Toward Split Infinitives | Notable Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Old and Middle English | Freely used without prescription | Chaucer’s works contain numerous examples |
| 18th-19th Century | Increasing prescriptivism against splits | First grammar books begin to prohibit them |
| Victorian Era | Strong prohibition in formal education | Split infinitives branded as uneducated |
| Early 20th Century | Continued prescription but with growing exceptions | Some style guides begin to question the rule |
| Mid-20th Century | Gradual acceptance in most contexts | “To boldly go” from Star Trek popularizes splits |
| Modern Day | Generally accepted with contextual considerations | Most style guides permit splits for clarity and natural flow |
Understanding this historical evolution helps put current practices in perspective and explains why different generations might have different attitudes toward split infinitives.
Conclusion On Split Infinitives in English
Split Infinitives in English have undergone a remarkable transformation in English usage—from being considered grammatical errors to being recognized as legitimate and often preferable constructions. The prohibition against splitting infinitives was never based on sound linguistic principles but rather on an artificial attempt to make English conform to Latin grammar rules.
In contemporary English, the decision to split an infinitive should be guided by clarity, natural flow, and emphasis rather than by outdated prescriptive rules. When a split infinitive makes your meaning clearer or your sentence more natural, use it confidently. When an unsplit construction works just as well, either choice is acceptable.
By understanding the history, contexts, and guidelines for split infinitives, you can make informed choices that enhance your writing rather than being constrained by arbitrary restrictions. The ability to use split infinitives effectively is part of the rich flexibility that makes English such a versatile and expressive language.
FAQs On Split Infinitives in English
What is a split infinitive example?
A split infinitive occurs when a word or phrase (typically an adverb) is placed between “to” and the verb in an infinitive. Common examples include:
- “To boldly go where no man has gone before”
- “She decided to carefully review the document”
- “They wanted to better understand the concept”
- “He needs to quickly finish the assignment”
In each case, an adverb (boldly, carefully, better, quickly) separates “to” from its verb, creating the split infinitive construction.
What is the rule about splitting infinitives?
The traditional rule against splitting infinitives was based on Latin grammar, where infinitives are single words that cannot be split. However, modern grammar authorities recognize this rule as outdated and artificial. Contemporary style guides and linguists agree that:
- Split infinitives are grammatically correct in English
- They should be used when they enhance clarity or provide better emphasis
- The decision to split an infinitive should be based on what sounds most natural and clearly communicates your meaning
- There is no grammatical reason to avoid split infinitives in most contexts
While some very traditional or formal contexts might still prefer avoiding split infinitives, this preference is stylistic rather than grammatical.
What is the most famous split infinitive?
The most famous split infinitive in popular culture comes from the opening narration of the television series Star Trek: “To boldly go where no man has gone before” (later updated to “where no one has gone before”). This phrase has become iconic not only in science fiction but also in discussions about English grammar. Its widespread recognition and acceptance have helped legitimize split infinitives in common usage, demonstrating how a well-crafted split infinitive can be more impactful and memorable than its unsplit alternative.
When should I avoid using split infinitives?
While split infinitives are generally acceptable, there are situations where you might want to avoid them:
- In very formal academic or professional writing for traditionally-minded audiences
- When the split sounds awkward or unnatural (e.g., “to unnecessarily and without proper consideration extend”)
- If your style guide or instructor specifically prohibits them
- When the adverb works just as effectively at the end of the phrase without changing the meaning
- In contexts where you know your audience might judge the use of split infinitives negatively
Always prioritize clarity and natural flow in your writing decisions.
Can you split infinitives with words other than adverbs?
Yes, although adverbs are the most common words used to split infinitives, other words and phrases can also create split infinitives:
- Negations: “to not go,” “to never return”
- Phrases: “to more than double,” “to in some way contribute”
- Multiple words: “to not only understand but also appreciate”
- Quantifiers: “to almost finish,” “to barely touch”
- Prepositional phrases: “to in the meantime prepare”
These more complex splits often present greater challenges for rearrangement, making the split infinitive construction particularly useful for maintaining clarity and natural expression.
