Introduction
Do you ever pause mid-sentence, unsure whether to write despite, in spite of, or although? You are not alone. These three expressions all show contrast or concession, but they follow different grammatical patterns. Getting them right will instantly make your English sound more natural and precise, whether you are writing an email, an essay, or a formal report. In this guide, we will break down the rules, highlight the traps, and give you plenty of practice so you can use these connectors with confidence.
What Is Contrast and Concession?
Contrast and concession are ways of showing that two ideas do not naturally go together. You use them to say something like “This happened, but that is also true.” For example, “He was tired, but he finished the race.” The words despite, in spite of, and although are all connectors that express this relationship. The key difference is not in meaning—they are nearly identical in meaning—but in grammar. Despite and in spite of are prepositions, so they are followed by a noun, pronoun, or gerund (-ing form). Although is a conjunction, so it is followed by a full subject + verb clause.
Rules
Here are the essential rules you must remember. Follow these, and you will avoid 90% of common errors.
- Despite + noun / pronoun / gerund. Never use “despite of.” The word “despite” stands alone. Example: Despite the rain, we went out.
- In spite of + noun / pronoun / gerund. “In spite of” is three words. Do not drop the “of.” Example: In spite of the rain, we went out.
- Although + subject + verb. “Although” introduces a full clause. Example: Although it was raining, we went out.
- Despite and in spite of are interchangeable. You can swap them in any sentence without changing meaning or formality. Both are common, though “in spite of” is slightly more formal in writing.
- Although can start or end a sentence. If it starts the sentence, use a comma after the clause. If it ends the sentence, no comma is needed before it. Example: We went out although it was raining.
- Do not use “but” with although in the same clause. You can say “Although it rained, we went out,” but not “Although it rained, but we went out.”
- Despite and in spite of are followed by a noun phrase, not a clause. You cannot say “Despite it was raining.” You must say “Despite the rain” or “Despite the fact that it was raining.”
How to Use It
Let us walk through the process of choosing the correct word step by step.
Step 1: Identify what follows the connector. Look at the words that come right after the blank. Is there a subject and a verb (e.g., “she was late”)? Or is there just a noun or an -ing verb (e.g., “her lateness” or “being late”)?
Step 2: If you have a full clause (subject + verb), use “although.” For example: “Although she was late, she didn’t apologize.” The clause “she was late” has a subject and a verb.
Step 3: If you have a noun or gerund, use “despite” or “in spite of.” For example: “Despite her lateness, she didn’t apologize.” Here, “her lateness” is a noun phrase. Or “Despite being late, she didn’t apologize.” Here, “being late” is a gerund phrase.
Step 4: Check for the phrase “the fact that.” This is a useful trick. You can always change a clause into a noun phrase by adding “the fact that.” For example: “Although he was sick” becomes “Despite the fact that he was sick.” This works perfectly and is common in formal writing.
Step 5: Decide on tone. For academic or formal essays, “in spite of” and “although” are both excellent. For casual conversation or emails, “despite” and “although” feel more natural. All are correct in any register, but this nuance helps you sound polished.
Examples in Sentences
Read these examples aloud. Notice the bolded grammar point and the structure that follows it.
- Despite the heavy traffic, we arrived on time for the interview.
- She passed the exam in spite of having very little time to study.
- Although the price was high, he bought the laptop immediately.
- Despite feeling exhausted, Maria completed her marathon training.
- The team lost the match in spite of their excellent defence.
- Although it was snowing heavily, the flights continued as scheduled.
- He decided to walk to work despite the freezing temperatures.
- We enjoyed the picnic in spite of the unexpected rain shower.
- Although she had never cooked before, her dinner was delicious.
- They invested in the project despite the obvious risks.
- I trust her judgment in spite of our disagreement last week.
- Although the instructions were confusing, the students finished the task.
- Despite the fact that the hotel was fully booked, they found a room nearby.
- He kept smiling in spite of receiving bad news.
- Although he is wealthy, he lives very simply.
Common Mistakes
Here are the most frequent errors ESL learners make, with corrections. Learn these, and you will instantly improve your accuracy.
- Mistake 1: Using “despite of.”
❌ Despite of the rain, we played football.
✅ Despite the rain, we played football.
✅ In spite of the rain, we played football. - Mistake 2: Using a clause after “despite” or “in spite of.”
❌ Despite it was cold, she wore a t-shirt.
✅ Despite the cold, she wore a t-shirt.
✅ Despite the fact that it was cold, she wore a t-shirt.
✅ Although it was cold, she wore a t-shirt. - Mistake 3: Using “although” with “but.”
❌ Although he was tired, but he finished the report.
✅ Although he was tired, he finished the report.
✅ He was tired, but he finished the report. - Mistake 4: Forgetting the “of” in “in spite of.”
❌ In spite the noise, I slept well.
✅ In spite of the noise, I slept well. - Mistake 5: Using “despite” with “that” directly.
❌ Despite that he was late, he started the meeting.
✅ Despite being late, he started the meeting.
✅ Despite the fact that he was late, he started the meeting.
✅ Although he was late, he started the meeting.
Quick Summary
Here is your fast-reference recap. Print this or save it for your next writing task.
- Despite = one word, preposition. Follow with noun or gerund. Never “despite of.”
- In spite of = three words, preposition. Follow with noun or gerund. Never drop “of.”
- Although = conjunction. Follow with subject + verb clause.
- Despite and in spite of are synonyms. Use them interchangeably.
- To convert a clause for use with “despite,” add “the fact that.” Example: “Although he was rich” → “Despite the fact that he was rich.”
- Never use “but” in the same sentence as “although.”
- All three are fine for formal and informal writing. “In spite of” is slightly more formal.
Practice Exercises
Test yourself. Fill in the blank with despite, in spite of, or although. Sometimes more than one answer is correct.
- __________ the bad weather, the festival was a huge success.
- __________ she was nervous, she gave a brilliant presentation.
- He went to work __________ feeling unwell.
- __________ it was late, the children were still playing outside.
- We booked the holiday __________ having very little money.
Answers:
- Despite or In spite of (both correct, followed by noun phrase “the bad weather”).
- Although (followed by clause “she was nervous”).
- Despite or In spite of (both correct, followed by gerund “feeling unwell”).
- Although (followed by clause “it was late”).
- Despite or In spite of (both correct, followed by gerund “having very little money”).
Conclusion
Mastering despite, in spite of, and although is a simple matter of checking what follows the connector. If you see a noun or gerund, reach for despite or in spite of. If you see a full subject-verb clause, choose although. With practice, this choice will become automatic, and your writing will gain clarity and sophistication. Keep this guide handy, revisit the exercises, and soon you will handle contrast and concession like a native speaker.
FAQ
1. Is “in spite of” more formal than “despite”?
Both are used in formal and informal English. However, “in spite of” is often perceived as slightly more formal or literary in tone. In everyday conversation, “despite” is more common. For academic writing, both are perfectly acceptable, so choose whichever feels more natural to you. The meaning is identical.
2. Can I use “although” and “despite” in the same sentence?
Yes, but not to express the same contrast. You can combine them for complex ideas. For example: “Although the team trained hard, they lost the final despite having a two-goal lead.” Here, “although” introduces one concession, and “despite” introduces another. Just be careful not to use two connectors for the same idea, like “Although… but…” or “Despite… although…”
3. What is the difference between “though” and “although”?
“Though” is a more informal and flexible version of “although.” You can use them interchangeably in most cases, but “though” is also used at the end of a sentence to mean “however.” For example: “It was expensive. I bought it, though.” You cannot use “although” in that end-of-sentence position. For B1-B2 learners, it is safe to use “although” at the start